Responses of the zooplankton community to the formation of a small reservoir on the Caveiras River, southern Brazil

We investigated changes in the species richness, abundance, and composition of the zooplankton community in response to the formation of a small reservoir in the Caveiras River, southern Brazil. Zooplankton were collected using a motor-pump and aplankton net (68 μm mesh), with 600 L of water filtered per sample. Sampling occurred during the pre-(April, August, and December 2011) and post-impoundment (July and October 2013, and January 2014) phases of the Caveiras River. We identified 86 taxa in this study, and rotifers were the predominant group. The species richness and abundance of the zooplankton increased after the filling of the reservoir. Furthermore, the zooplankton community showed a clear change in the species composition between the phases before and after the formation of the reservoir, with the emergence of typical planktonic species. Changes in the structure of the zooplankton community were related to changes in limnological characteristics due to the impoundment of the river, mainlyin the availability of food and in the concentration of nutrients.

Arms as areas for larval development of migratory fish species in a Neotropical reservoir and the influence of rainfall over abundances.

The aim of the present study was to verify the use of the arms of the Itaipu Reservoir as areas of initial development for migratory fish species and to assess the relationship between rainfall and the spawning of migratory fish. Accordingly, fish larvae were collected from five arms of the reservoir from 2009 to 2016 using 0.5 mm plankton nets. Density was standardized as the number of larvae per 10 m3 filtered water, and the captured larval and juvenile specimens were identified at the lowest-possible taxonomic level. The larvae were also classified according to the degree of development and notochord flexion stage: larval vitelline, pre-flexion, flexion and post-flexion. To evaluate the distribution of larval abundance and the developmental stage along the longitudinal gradients of the arms, the data were evaluated using a set of nested linear models, following the AIC and Bayesian information criteria. In addition, an analysis of covariance was performed to investigate the influence of rainfall on the larval abundance of migratory species. During sampling, several species of economic and conservation interest such as Salminus brasiliensis and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans were collected. The larvae of the migratory fish taxa were captured from all sampled arms, which indicate them as areas of initial development. Nevertheless, it was observed that larval density increases from fluvial towards lacustrine zones inside the arms. Also, the present study verified that species, even in lentic environments, respond positively to rainfall stimuli in a manner similar to that exhibited by conspecifics in lotic environments. Such results reinforce the necessity of the protection of arms aiming at the conservation of this main group of species impaired by the construction of dams.

Effects on fertility of motile sperm to egg ratio with use of cryopreserved Rhamdia quelen semen at different post-activation times.

The aim in the present study was to evaluate the effects of motile sperm:oocyte ratio and the use of thawed spermatozoa at different post-activation times in artificial reproduction of gray catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Cryopreserved sperm samples were evaluated for sperm motility and velocity using Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA). The sperm activation curves were generated using a non-linear statistical model and were used to assess the spermatozoa velocity after thawing. Thus, the oocytes were mixed with thawed sperm at a motile sperm:oocyte ratio of 70,000, 90,000, 110,000, 130,000, 150,000 and 170,000. The thawed sperm were used at 11, 16 and 30 s after spermatozoa activation. At these times, the sperm velocities corresponded to 52, 37 and 21 µm/s. The effects of experimental factors (spermatozoa:oocyte ratio and time after sperm activation) on oocyte fertilization, egg hatching, and percentage of normal larvae were evaluated. The response surface analysis indicated there was no interaction (P > 0.05) between the motile spermatozoa:oocyte ratio and time after sperm activation on fertilization, hatching or percentage of normal larvae. The time after sperm activation, however, affected (P < 0.05) in a directly proportional waythe oocyte fertilization and egg hatching rates. The time after sperm activation affected the sperm velocity and oocyte fertilization and egg hatching rates. Thus, the use of thawed sperm immediately after sperm activation or with the greatest sperm velocities (11s; 52 µm/s; 62.59% motility) at a relatively lesser motile sperm:oocyte ratio (70,000:1) allows for acceptable fertilization (48.68% for fertilization; 29.61% for hatching) in Rhamdia quelen.

Carnivory during Ontogeny of the Plagioscion squamosissimus: A Successful Non-Native Fish in a Lentic Environment of the Upper Paraná River Basin.

This study evaluated feeding patterns and ontogenetic variations in a non-native fish species (Plagioscion squamosissimus) in an isolated lake in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Quarterly samplings were performed from April 2005 to February 2006 using plankton nets to capture larvae, seining nets for juveniles, and gill nets and trammel for adults. Stomach contents (n = 378) were examined according to the volumetric method in which the volume of each food item was estimated using graduated test tubes or a glass counting plate. During early development (larval stage), P. squamosissimus consumed mainly Cladocera and Copepoda. Juveniles showed a more diverse diet, including shrimp (Macrobrachium amazonicum), fish, aquatic insects (Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Chironomidae and pupae of Diptera) and plants. It was notable the high proportion of cannibalism (23.3%) in this stage. Adults consumed predominantly shrimp and fish. The use of food resources varied significantly between development stages (ANOSIM; r = 0.458; p<0.005), showing changes in food preferences during ontogeny. The Similarity Percentage Analysis (SIMPER) indicated that Cladocera and Copepoda were responsible for the differences observed between the larval stages of pre-flexion, flexion and post-flexion. M. amazonicum and Chironomidae were responsible for the differences between juvenile and larval stages, while M. amazonicum and other fishes caused the differences between adults and other ontogenetic stages. These results are confirmed by the relationship between standard length and developmental periods (ANCOVA; r2 = 0.94; p<0.0001). In general, there were low values of trophic niche breadth. The essentially carnivorous habit from the early stages of P. squamosissimus and the predominant use of M. amazonicum by adults have important roles in feeding patterns of the species, suggesting a major contribution to its success and establishment, especially in lentic environments.

Early ontogeny of Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes, Clariidae) and aspects of its invasion potential in natural freshwater environments / Ontogenia inicial de Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes, Clariidae) e aspectos de seu potencial de invasão em ambientes de água doce natural

This study aimed to describe the early development of Clarias gariepinus, a species that has been introduced into various watersheds worldwide, in order to help the identification of its eggs, larvae and juveniles in natural environments. The material used was obtained via induced spawning during 1999. After spawning, the periodicity of sampling varied according to ontogenic development. We analyzed 12 eggs, 146 larvae and 6 juveniles. Newly fertilized eggs are spherical, with a double membrane, the density of which varies. Initially the larvae have little pigmentation but this intensifies during development. They have four pairs of well-developed barbels, an elongated body, long dorsal and anal fins, no adipose fin and vesicles surrounding the finfold and barbels. The sequence of formation of the fins is: caudal, dorsal, anal, pectoral and pelvic. Growth pattern analysis revealed that metamorphosis usually occurs during the flexion stage. The reproductive performance of the species and its rapid early development favor aquaculture; however, they may also favor its invasion of natural environments, representing a threat for native populations.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever o desenvolvimento inicial de Clarias gariepinus, uma espécie introduzida em várias bacias hidrográficas do mundo, a fim de auxiliar na identificação de seus ovos, larvas e juvenis em ambientes naturais. O material utilizado foi obtido por meio de desova induzida durante o ano de 1999. Após a desova, a periodicidade na obtenção das amostras variou de acordo com o desenvolvimento ontogênico. Foram analisados 12 ovos e 146 larvas e 6 juvenis. Os ovos recém-fecundados apresentam forma esférica, com membrana dupla, sendo que sua densidade difere ao longo da membrana. As larvas possuem inicialmente pigmentação escassa, que se intensifica ao longo do desenvolvimento; quatro pares de barbilhões bem desenvolvidos; corpo alongado; nadadeiras dorsal e anal longas; ausência de nadadeira adiposa e presença de vesículas circundando a membrana embrionária e os barbilhões. A sequência de formação das nadadeiras é: caudal, dorsal, anal, peitoral e pélvica. A análise do padrão de crescimento revelou que a maior parte da metamorfose ocorre no estágio de flexão. O desempenho reprodutivo da espécie e seu rápido desenvolvimento inicial se enquadram positivamente à aquicultura, porém, podem ser altamente favoráveis à invasão de ambientes naturais, representando um risco para as populações nativas.

Desenvolvimento inicial de Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Characiformes, Lebiasinidae) / Early development of Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Characiformes, Lebiasinidae)

Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento inicial de Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903, o único Lebiasinidae da planície alagável do Alto Rio Paraná. Para isso, foram analisados 80 indivíduos, sendo 60 larvas e 20 juvenis, coletados entre os anos de 1992 e 2005, em vários ambientes (rios, canais e lagoas). De cada exemplar, foram obtidos dados morfométricos e merísticos e, posteriormente, o padrão de crescimento entre as variáveis morfométricas foi analisado. As larvas apresentaram grande concentração de pigmentos na região superior do intestino, da cabeça e ao redor da boca. A notocorda foi caracterizada por possuir um prolongamento que, posteriormente, diferenciou-se em um raio da nadadeira caudal. A seqüência de formação das nadadeiras foi: caudal, dorsal, anal, pélvica e peitoral. Em relação aos miômeros, observou-se que estes variaram de 23 a 32 (12-20 pré- e 10-16 pós-anal). A análise do crescimento revelou que o comprimento do focinho e o diâmetro do olho foram alométricos, enquanto a altura e o comprimento da cabeça, bem como a altura do corpo e a distância pré-peitoral apresentaram crescimento abrupto, evidenciando diferentes taxas de crescimento entre os períodos larval e juvenil. Esses resultados revelam que neste intervalo ocorre grande parte da metamorfose na espécie.

This work describes the initial development of Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903, the only known Lebiasinidae of the upper Paraná River floodplain. Eighty specimens were analyzed, sixty larvae and twenty juveniles, collected between 1992 and 2005 in several areas (rivers, channels and ponds). From each specimen morphometric and meristic data were obtained and, subsequently, growth patterns were analyzed. Larvae presented greater pigment concentrations in the superior region of the intestine, head and around the mouth. Notochord is characterized by possessing a protrusion that later becomes part of the caudal fin. The fin formation sequence is: caudal, dorsal, anal, pelvic and pectoral. In relation to myomeres we observed that their numbers ranged from 23 to 32 (12-20 preanal and 10-16 postanal). Growth pattern analyses revealed that nose length and eye diameter were allometric, whereas head height and length, as well as body height and pre-pectoral distance were better represented by the piecewise model, revealing that most of the body metamorphosis occurs during the transitional breakpoint between the larval and juvenile periods.

Fish larvae assemblages in two floodplain lakes with different degrees of connection to the Paraná River, Brazil

The objective of this study was to assess the abundance, attributes of assemblages, and spatial and temporal distributions of fish larvae and their relationships with some abiotic variables in two floodplain lakes with different degrees of connection to the Paraná River in Ilha Grande National Park, PR, Brazil. Four sampling sites were chosen, two in each floodplain lake. Night samples were taken with plankton nets during three spawning seasons (monthly, from October to March) from 2001 to 2005. The highest diversity and abundance were recorded at Saraiva Lake, with 25 taxa being identified. In Xambrê Lake, only sedentary species were captured, and the most abundant species were Plagioscion squamosissimus and Hypophthalmus edentatus. The greatest abundance of larvae was found in the second spawning season. In the Saraiva Lake, the most abundant species were Moenkhausia aff. intermedia, Hyphessobrycon sp., and Bryconamericus stramineus, but larvae of known migratory species were also documented. In this lake, the greatest abundance of larvae was found in the third spawning. Larvae abundance was influenced by water temperature and conductivity. The high diversity and abundance recorded in Saraiva Lake may be a result of its connectivity with the Paraná River, and the low diversity and abundance observed at Xambrê Lake are likely due to its isolation from the river. This work shows the importance of these lagoons for fish development, for both sedentary and migratory species. Both lagoons may be considered to have extreme ecological importance and they are also extremely susceptible to impacts, so any careless disturbance may cause irreversible damage.(AU)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a abundância, os atributos da assembleia e a distribuição espacial e temporal de larvas de peixes, bem como a relação dessas variáveis com alguns fatores abióticos, em duas lagoas com diferentes graus de conexão com o rio Paraná, Parque Nacional de Ilha Grande, PR, Brasil. As amostragens foram realizadas em quatro locais, dois em cada lagoa. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente à noite durante três períodos de desova (outubro a março) de 2001 a 2005, com o auxílio de redes de plâncton. A maior diversidade e abundância foram verificadas na lagoa Saraiva, sendo identificados 25 táxons. Na lagoa Xambrê somente foram capturadas espécies sedentárias e as mais abundantes foram Plagioscion squamosissimus e Hypophthalmus edentatus. Nessa lagoa as maiores ocorrências foram verificadas no período II. Na lagoa Saraiva as maiores capturas foram de Moenkhausia aff. intermedia, Hyphessobrycon sp. e Bryconamericus stramineus, entretanto, larvas de espécies migradoras também foram registradas. Nessa lagoa, as maiores ocorrências foram no período III. A abundância de larvas foi influenciada pela temperatura da água e pela condutividade elétrica. A elevada diversidade e abundância registradas na lagoa Saraiva podem ser atribuídas a sua conectividade com o rio Paraná, enquanto que a baixa diversidade e abundância observadas na lagoa Xambrê podem estar relacionadas ao seu isolamento. Os resultados obtidos com este estudo demonstram a importância das lagoas marginais para o desenvolvimento inicial dos peixes, tanto para espécies sedentárias como migradoras. Ambas as lagoas podem ser consideradas de extrema importância ecológica e altamente susceptíveis a impactos, onde qualquer interferência sem conhecimentos prévios pode causar danos irreversíveis.(AU)

Fish larvae from the upper Paraná River: do abiotic factors affect larval density?

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of abiotic factors on fish larvae occurrence. Samplings were carried out monthly at 12 stations (grouped in four areas) in the Amambaí, Ivaí and Paraná rivers and in the Itaipu Reservoir (upper Paraná River basin), from October 1994 to January 1995 (spawning season). Simultaneously, we obtained water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, water level, water velocity, and rainfall. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and Detrended Correspondence Analyses (DCA) were applied to summarize abiotic and larvae density data, respectively. Amambaí River differed significantly from the other areas in relation to abiotic factors. Itaipu Reservoir differed significantly from the other areas considering species composition, and the Ivaí River also differed from the Paraná River. The relationship among PCA and DCA axes were significant, indicating that abiotic factors do influence larva. For example: Leporinus elongatus prefered the Amambaí River, Hypophthalmus edentatus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, and Hoplias aff. malabaricus the Itaipu Reservoir, and Pimelodus maculatus, Auchenipterus osteomystax and Iheringichthys labrosus the Ivaí River. We suggest that species selected some abiotic factors characteristic to a given environment as spawning grounds.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o papel de fatores abióticos na ocorrência de larvas de peixes. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente em 12 estações (agrupadas em 4 áreas) nos rios Amambaí, Ivaí e Paraná e no reservatório de Itaipu, de outubro de 1994 a janeiro de 1995 (época de desova). Simultaneamente, foram obtidos dados de temperatura, pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, nível da água, velocidade da água e precipitação. Análises de Componentes Principais (PCA) e de Correspondência com Remoção do Efeito de Arco (DCA) foram aplicadas para sumarizar os dados abióticos e as densidades de larvas, respectivamente. O rio Amambaí diferiu significativamente das outras áreas em relação aos fatores abióticos. O reservatório de Itaipu diferiu significativamente das outras áreas quanto à composição de espécies, tendo o rio Ivaí também diferido do rio Paraná neste aspecto. A relação entre os eixos da PCA e DCA foi significativa, indicando que os fatores abióticos influenciam as larvas. Por exemplo, Leporinus elongatus preferiu o rio Amambaí, Hypophthalmus edentatus, Plagioscion squamosissimus e Hoplias aff. malabaricus o reservatório de Itaipu e Pimelodus maculatus, Auchenipterus osteomystax e Iheringichthys labrosus o rio Ivaí. Assim, sugerimos que cada espécie seleciona um conjunto de características abióticas em um dado ambiente utilizado como local de desova.